The newly announced U.S.–EU trade framework includes a 15% tariff on approximately 70% of EU exports to the U.S., covering sectors such as cars, semiconductors, and pharmaceuticals  . However, exports of EU steel and aluminum remain subject to a 50% tariff, even after deal adjustments. In return, EU commitments include $750 billion in U.S. energy imports by 2028 and €600 billion in investment in the U.S. economy. While tariffs for most industrial goods are capped, critics say the agreement fails to resolve U.S. metal tariffs, which continue to squeeze exporters. The structure—traded-off tariffs in one area for commitments in another—is expected to remain in place through President Trump’s term, although questions persist about WTO compatibility and legality under international trade rules